Built-in Functions¶

# String length
SELECT ?name (STRLEN(?name) AS ?length)
WHERE { ?person foaf:name ?name }

# Substring (1-indexed)
SELECT (SUBSTR("Hello World", 1, 5) AS ?result)  # "Hello"
SELECT (SUBSTR("Hello World", 7) AS ?result)     # "World"

SELECT ?name
       (UCASE(?name) AS ?upper)
       (LCASE(?name) AS ?lower)
WHERE { ?person foaf:name ?name }

# Contains
SELECT ?name
WHERE {
    ?person foaf:name ?name
    FILTER(CONTAINS(?name, "John"))
}

# Starts/ends with
SELECT ?email
WHERE {
    ?person foaf:mbox ?email
    FILTER(STRSTARTS(STR(?email), "mailto:"))
    FILTER(STRENDS(STR(?email), ".org"))
}

# Replace
SELECT (REPLACE("Hello World", "World", "SPARQL") AS ?result)
# Result: "Hello SPARQL"

# Replace with regex
SELECT (REPLACE("a1b2c3", "[0-9]", "X") AS ?result)
# Result: "aXbXcX"

# Concatenation
SELECT (CONCAT(?first, " ", ?last) AS ?fullName)
WHERE {
    ?person foaf:firstName ?first .
    ?person foaf:lastName ?last
}

# String encoding
SELECT (ENCODE_FOR_URI("Hello World") AS ?encoded)
# Result: "Hello%20World"

# Regular expression
SELECT ?name
WHERE {
    ?person foaf:name ?name
    FILTER(REGEX(?name, "^[A-Z]", "i"))
}

# String comparison
SELECT ?a ?b
WHERE {
    ?x foaf:name ?a .
    ?y foaf:name ?b
    FILTER(STRBEFORE(?a, " ") = STRBEFORE(?b, " "))
}

# Absolute value
SELECT (ABS(-42) AS ?result)  # 42

# Rounding
SELECT (ROUND(3.7) AS ?rounded)    # 4
SELECT (FLOOR(3.7) AS ?floor)      # 3
SELECT (CEIL(3.2) AS ?ceiling)     # 4

# Random (0 to 1)
SELECT (RAND() AS ?random)

SELECT (NOW() AS ?currentTime)

SELECT ?event ?date
       (YEAR(?date) AS ?year)
       (MONTH(?date) AS ?month)
       (DAY(?date) AS ?day)
       (HOURS(?date) AS ?hour)
       (MINUTES(?date) AS ?minute)
       (SECONDS(?date) AS ?second)
WHERE {
    ?event ex:date ?date
}

# Timezone
SELECT (TIMEZONE(?datetime) AS ?tz)
SELECT (TZ(?datetime) AS ?tzString)

# Check types
SELECT ?value
WHERE {
    ?s ?p ?value
    FILTER(ISIRI(?value))      # Is IRI/URI?
    FILTER(ISBLANK(?value))    # Is blank node?
    FILTER(ISLITERAL(?value))  # Is literal?
    FILTER(ISNUMERIC(?value))  # Is numeric?
}

# Check if bound
SELECT ?name ?email
WHERE {
    ?person foaf:name ?name
    OPTIONAL { ?person foaf:mbox ?email }
    FILTER(BOUND(?email))
}

# To string
SELECT (STR(<http://example.org/>) AS ?str)

# To IRI
SELECT (IRI("http://example.org/") AS ?iri)
SELECT (URI("http://example.org/") AS ?uri)

# Get datatype
SELECT ?value (DATATYPE(?value) AS ?type)
WHERE { ?s ex:prop ?value }

# Get language tag
SELECT ?label (LANG(?label) AS ?language)
WHERE { ?s rdfs:label ?label }

# String with language tag
SELECT (STRLANG("Hello", "en") AS ?greeting)

# Typed literal
SELECT (STRDT("42", xsd:integer) AS ?number)

SELECT (MD5("hello") AS ?md5)
SELECT (SHA1("hello") AS ?sha1)
SELECT (SHA256("hello") AS ?sha256)
SELECT (SHA384("hello") AS ?sha384)
SELECT (SHA512("hello") AS ?sha512)

SELECT ?name (IF(?age >= 18, "Adult", "Minor") AS ?status)
WHERE {
    ?person foaf:name ?name .
    ?person foaf:age ?age
}

SELECT ?person (COALESCE(?name, ?nick, "Unknown") AS ?displayName)
WHERE {
    ?person a foaf:Person
    OPTIONAL { ?person foaf:name ?name }
    OPTIONAL { ?person foaf:nick ?nick }
}

SELECT (BNODE() AS ?newNode)
SELECT (BNODE("label") AS ?labeledNode)

# Get IRI as string
SELECT (STR(?person) AS ?iri)
WHERE { ?person a foaf:Person }

# Check same term
SELECT ?a ?b
WHERE {
    ?a foaf:knows ?b
    FILTER(SAMETERM(?a, ?b) = false)
}

# UUID generation
SELECT (UUID() AS ?uuid)
SELECT (STRUUID() AS ?uuidString)

PREFIX gfn: <http://grafeo.tech/functions/>

SELECT ?result
WHERE {
    BIND(gfn:customFunction(?input) AS ?result)
}